This report provides exploratory and preliminary correlation analyses between sex hormones and T2 unretouched, raw hippocampal subfield data from the Healthy Aging Study sample (subjects 333 - 437).
Cleaning data steps included (T2 subfields):
Filter participants that have T2 subfield data from scan
Select sex hormone measures from when scan was conducted
Correct left and right volumes with TIV
Average left and right volumes to get an average measure for each subfield region
Total Grey Matter Volume:
Filter participants that have total brain GMV from ASHS
Select sex hormone measures from when scan was conducted
Correct with TIV
Total Hippocampal Volume:
After left and right T2 subfields were corrected for TIV, sum up left and right total hipp (CA1, CA23, DG, SUB)
Average left and right volumes to get an average measure
Total MTL:
After left and right T2 subfields were corrected for TIV, sum up left and right MTL (CA1, CA23, DG, SUB, ERC, PHC, PRC)
Average left and right volumes to get an average measure
Sample size:
Men = 24
Women = 63 (24 pre, 20 peri, 19 post)
Shapiro-Wilk’s test reveal that CA23 for men, and SUB overall and SUB for women were not normally distributed. Also, total hipp and MTL for overall and for women were not normally distributed. Hormone and subfield/volume associations for these subfields will be using Spearman rank correlation.
Shapiro-Wilk test reveals that estradiol, FSH, and testosterone for all and for women subgroup distributions were still significantly different from normal after log transformation, so Spearman rank correlations will be applied to these hormone and subfield associations.
For women, hormones will be log transformed to allow for Pearson correlations to run in the subsequent analyses (by reproductive stage). Estradiol, FSH, and testosterone correlations will be Spearman rank correlations for women.
For any correlation analyses between women and men, hormones will also be log transformed for Pearson correlations. Testosterone associations will be using Spearman rank.
For just men, log transformation will also be applied in the following Pearson correlations. Testosterone correlations among men will be using Spearman rank.
| repo_status | mean_gmv | std_gmv |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 0.442 | 0.021 |
| Peri | 0.444 | 0.020 |
| Post | 0.443 | 0.016 |
| sex | mean_ca1 | std_ca1 |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 0.443 | 0.019 |
| Male | 0.418 | 0.021 |
Means and standard deviations of GMV are displayed by reproductive status and by sex.
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.0000393 | 0.0000197 | 0.053501 | 0.9479502 |
| Residuals | 60 | 0.0220506 | 0.0003675 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing GMV by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: gmv by sex
## t = 5.1487, df = 38.399, p-value = 8.127e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.01516961 0.03481705
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 0.4429082 0.4179148
T-test results comparing GMV by sex was significant.
Correlations are all Spearman.
Correlations are all Pearson
Still slight right skew in total hipp volume
| repo_status | mean_total_hipp | std_total_hipp |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 1.859 | 0.219 |
| Peri | 1.846 | 0.186 |
| Post | 1.765 | 0.193 |
| sex | mean_total_hipp | std_total_hipp |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 1.826 | 0.202 |
| Male | 1.693 | 0.155 |
Means and standard deviations of total hipp are displayed by reproductive status and by sex.
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.1037841 | 0.0518921 | 1.281474 | 0.2851159 |
| Residuals | 60 | 2.4296431 | 0.0404941 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing total hipp by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_total_hipp by sex
## t = 3.2843, df = 54.058, p-value = 0.001797
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.0519598 0.2147896
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 1.826448 1.693074
T-test results comparing total hipp by sex was significant.
All correlations are spearman
All correlations are pearson
Slight skew in MTL volume
| repo_status | mean_mtl | std_mtl |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 5.672 | 0.596 |
| Peri | 5.571 | 0.544 |
| Post | 5.605 | 0.626 |
| sex | mean_mtl | std_mtl |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 5.620 | 0.581 |
| Male | 5.271 | 0.518 |
Means and standard deviations of MTL are displayed by reproductive status and by sex.
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.1172695 | 0.0586348 | 0.168791 | 0.8450851 |
| Residuals | 60 | 20.8428444 | 0.3473807 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing MTL by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_mtl by sex
## t = 2.709, df = 46.367, p-value = 0.009423
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.08966077 0.60773097
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 5.619711 5.271015
T-test results comparing MTL by sex was significant.
All correlations are Spearman.
| repo_status | mean_ca1 | std_ca1 |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 0.594 | 0.072 |
| Peri | 0.601 | 0.072 |
| Post | 0.564 | 0.067 |
| sex | mean_ca1 | std_ca1 |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 0.587 | 0.071 |
| Male | 0.540 | 0.056 |
Means and standard deviations of the subfield are displayed by reproductive status and by sex
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.0151012 | 0.0075506 | 1.520983 | 0.2268011 |
| Residuals | 60 | 0.2978570 | 0.0049643 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing CA1 subfield by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_ca1 by sex
## t = 3.216, df = 52.242, p-value = 0.002232
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.01761859 0.07607124
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 0.5872078 0.5403629
T-test results comparing CA1 subfield by sex was significant.
Correlations for estradiol, FSH, and testosterone were Spearman rank. All others were Pearson.
Correlations are all Pearson
| repo_status | mean_ca23 | std_ca23 |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 0.252 | 0.048 |
| Peri | 0.247 | 0.040 |
| Post | 0.239 | 0.042 |
| sex | mean_ca23 | std_ca23 |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 0.247 | 0.044 |
| Male | 0.223 | 0.037 |
Means and standard deviations of the subfield are displayed by reproductive status and by sex
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.0019035 | 0.0009517 | 0.493987 | 0.6126484 |
| Residuals | 60 | 0.1155978 | 0.0019266 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing CA23 subfield by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_ca23 by sex
## t = 2.5392, df = 48.975, p-value = 0.01434
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.004920838 0.042268912
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 0.2467289 0.2231340
T-test results comparing CA23 subfield by sex was significant.
Correlations for estradiol, FSH, and testosterone were Spearman rank. All others were Pearson.
Correlations are all Spearman.
| repo_status | mean_dg | std_dg |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 0.632 | 0.080 |
| Peri | 0.619 | 0.072 |
| Post | 0.604 | 0.070 |
| sex | mean_dg | std_dg |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 0.619 | 0.074 |
| Male | 0.583 | 0.072 |
Means and standard deviations of the subfield are displayed by reproductive status and by sex
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.0083941 | 0.0041971 | 0.750208 | 0.4766459 |
| Residuals | 60 | 0.3356715 | 0.0055945 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing DG subfield by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_dg by sex
## t = 2.0854, df = 43.206, p-value = 0.04298
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.00119681 0.07118450
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 0.6192800 0.5830894
T-test results comparing DG subfield by sex was significant.
Correlations for estradiol, FSH, and testosterone were Spearman rank. All others were Pearson.
All correlations are Pearson.
| repo_status | mean_erc | std_erc |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 0.480 | 0.080 |
| Peri | 0.485 | 0.070 |
| Post | 0.427 | 0.056 |
| sex | mean_erc | std_erc |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 0.466 | 0.074 |
| Male | 0.414 | 0.055 |
Means and standard deviations of the subfield are displayed by reproductive status and by sex
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.0407582 | 0.0203791 | 4.123448 | 0.0209918 |
| Residuals | 60 | 0.2965350 | 0.0049423 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing ERC subfield by reproductive status was significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_erc by sex
## t = 3.5175, df = 55.723, p-value = 0.0008746
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.02204370 0.08038099
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 0.4655728 0.4143605
T-test results comparing ERC subfield by sex was significant.
Correlations for estradiol, FSH, and testosterone were Spearman rank. All others were Pearson.
All correlations are Pearson.
| repo_status | mean_phc | std_phc |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 1.707 | 0.183 |
| Peri | 1.638 | 0.202 |
| Post | 1.673 | 0.225 |
| sex | mean_phc | std_phc |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 1.675 | 0.201 |
| Male | 1.557 | 0.219 |
Means and standard deviations of the subfield are displayed by reproductive status and by sex
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.0516381 | 0.0258191 | 0.6318458 | 0.5351094 |
| Residuals | 60 | 2.4517754 | 0.0408629 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing PHC subfield by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_phc by sex
## t = 2.2998, df = 38.699, p-value = 0.02694
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.01419269 0.22180438
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 1.674716 1.556717
T-test results comparing PHC subfield by sex was significant.
Correlations for estradiol, FSH, and testosterone were Spearman rank. All others were Pearson.
All correlations are Pearson.
| repo_status | mean_prc | std_prc |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 1.627 | 0.375 |
| Peri | 1.602 | 0.355 |
| Post | 1.740 | 0.373 |
| sex | mean_prc | std_prc |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 1.653 | 0.367 |
| Male | 1.607 | 0.384 |
Means and standard deviations of the subfield are displayed by reproductive status and by sex
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.211709 | 0.1058545 | 0.7813027 | 0.4624106 |
| Residuals | 60 | 8.129078 | 0.1354846 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing PRC subfield by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_prc by sex
## t = 0.50652, df = 39.953, p-value = 0.6153
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.1378815 0.2301021
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 1.652974 1.606863
T-test results comparing PRC subfield by sex was not significant.
Correlations for estradiol, FSH, and testosterone were Spearman rank. All others were Pearson.
All correlations are Pearson.
| repo_status | mean_sub | std_sub |
|---|---|---|
| Pre | 0.381 | 0.052 |
| Peri | 0.379 | 0.037 |
| Post | 0.358 | 0.049 |
| sex | mean_sub | std_sub |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 0.373 | 0.047 |
| Male | 0.346 | 0.036 |
Means and standard deviations of the subfield are displayed by reproductive status and by sex
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repo_status | 2 | 0.0060737 | 0.0030368 | 1.392181 | 0.2564443 |
| Residuals | 60 | 0.1308814 | 0.0021814 | NA | NA |
ANOVA results comparing SUB subfield by reproductive status was not significant.
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: avg_sub by sex
## t = 2.8303, df = 53.988, p-value = 0.006517
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.007799812 0.045688732
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female mean in group Male
## 0.3732318 0.3464875
T-test results comparing SUB subfield by sex was significant.
All correlations are Spearman.
All correlations are Pearson
Correlations with E, FSH, and testosterone are Spearman rank. Correlations with SUB are all Spearman rank. All others are Pearson correlations.
All hormones were log transformed first to try to normalize distributions. Next, all correlations with estradiol, FSH, and testosterone for women and by reproductive stage were Spearman rank correlations. Correlations for SUB for women were also all Spearman rank. Correlations for men between hormones and CA23 were also all Spearman rank. All other correlations are Pearson correlations.
Subregion volumes for women and men were generally normally distributed, except for CA23 in men and SUB in women. Any associations/correlations ran with these groups for these subfields were Spearman rank correlation. There appears to be two women whose SUB volumes appear to be outliers. Hormones were generally right skewed, so log transformations were applied with some still not being corrected fully - so Spearman correlations for certain associations were used.
No significant trends seen in correlations for DHEAS.
No significant trends seen in correlations for DG.
No significant trends seen in correlations for men.
ANOVA results comparing subfields by reproductive stage were not significant for almost all subfields. ANOVA results for ERC was significant by reproductive stage (p < 0.05).
T-test results comparing subfields by sex were all significant (at least p < 0.05) except for PRC.
For estradiol, it was significantly negatively correlated with CA1 for peris (p = 0.036, Spearman) and with SUB for pres (p = 0.04, Spearman), and marginally negatively correlated with CA23 for pres (p = 0.054, Spearman) and peris (p = 0.068, Spearman).
For progesterone, it was significantly positively correlated with CA1 for posts (p = 0.033, Pearson) and with ERC for posts (p = 0.015, Pearson).
For FSH, it was significantly negatively correlated with ERC for posts (p < 0.01, Spearman) and with SUB for posts (p = 0.021, Spearman). PHC volume and FSH were also significantly negatively correlated among women as a group (p = 0.041, Spearman). FSH is marginally negatively correlated with CA1 for posts (p = 0.086, Spearman).
For testosterone, it was marginally negatively correlated with ERC for posts (p = 0.083, Spearman) and marginally positively correlated with PHC for pres (p = 0.085, Spearman).
For SHBG, it was significantly negatively correlated with ERC for posts (p < 0.01, Pearson). It was also negatively correlated with PRC among women as a group (p = 0.028, Pearson) and marginally negatively correlated with PRC for pres (p = 0.057). SHBG was also marginally negatively correlated with SUB for posts (p = 0.085, Spearman).
All hormones were log transformed first to try to normalize distributions. Next, all correlations with estradiol, FSH, and testosterone for women and by reproductive stage were Spearman rank correlations. All correlations among women and subgroups for total hipp volume and MTL were spearman. All other correlations were Pearson.
ANOVA results comparing GMV and total hipp volume by reproductive stage was not significant.
T-test results comparing GMV (p < 0.001), total hipp volume (p < 0.01), and MTL (p < 0.01) by sex was significant.
No significant trends seen in correlations for GMV.
For total hipp volume, it was negatively correlated with estradiol for pres (p = 0.044, Spearman).
For MTL, it was marginally negatively correlated with FSH for posts (p = 0.071, Spearman)